Task-level AI exposure scores for 923 occupations, on a 0 to 100 scale. Each score weights an occupation's real work tasks from O*NET 30.2 against the exposure ratings in Eloundou et al. (2024, Science), with trajectory anchored to METR (2025). Find your role and see where the work is actually changing.
923
occupations scored
36
median score
28%
score 50 or higher
Filter by field
What the bands mean
Minimal 0–19·little exposure today
Limited 20–39·a few tasks exposed
Moderate 40–59·a meaningful share of tasks
Significant 60–79·most tasks exposed
Severe 80–100·nearly all tasks exposed
Capped at 95. No job today runs with zero human input.
Severe exposure26 occupations
- Blockchain Engineers
- Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners
- Mathematicians
- Proofreaders and Copy Markers
- Computer Programmers
- Correspondence Clerks
- Data Warehousing Specialists
- Database Administrators
- Web Developers
- Web Administrators
- Telephone Operators
- Interpreters and Translators
- Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers
- Software Developers
- Writers and Authors
- Bioinformatics Technicians
- Medical Transcriptionists
- Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers
- Database Architects
- Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks
- Data Entry Keyers
- Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks
- Web and Digital Interface Designers
- Statistical Assistants
- Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Programmers
- Penetration Testers
Significant exposure71 occupations
- Billing and Posting Clerks
- Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks
- Statisticians
- Telemarketers
- Computer Systems Engineers/Architects
- File Clerks
- Computer Systems Analysts
- Data Scientists
- Physicists
- Word Processors and Typists
- Bioinformatics Scientists
- Digital Forensics Analysts
- Business Intelligence Analysts
- Order Clerks
- Validation Engineers
- Bill and Account Collectors
- Brokerage Clerks
- Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants
- Music Directors and Composers
- Network and Computer Systems Administrators
- Technical Writers
- Computer Hardware Engineers
- Court, Municipal, and License Clerks
- Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs
- Information Security Analysts
- Information Security Engineers
- Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants
- Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys
- Computer Network Architects
- Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance
- Financial Quantitative Analysts
- Radio Frequency Identification Device Specialists
- Video Game Designers
- Automotive Engineers
- Biostatisticians
- Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks
- Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars
- Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan
- Social Science Research Assistants
- News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists
- Online Merchants
- Clinical Data Managers
- Desktop Publishers
- Editors
- Equal Opportunity Representatives and Officers
- Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants
- Public Safety Telecommunicators
- Compliance Officers
- Computer Network Support Specialists
- Customs Brokers
- Human Resources Specialists
- Operations Research Analysts
- Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel
- Survey Researchers
- Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service
- Tax Preparers
- Medical Records Specialists
- Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks
- Telecommunications Engineering Specialists
- Credit Counselors
- Document Management Specialists
- Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping
- Procurement Clerks
- Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products
- Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive
- Sustainability Specialists
- Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers
- Computer and Information Research Scientists
- Environmental Economists
- Nanosystems Engineers
- Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents
Moderate exposure328 occupations
- Computer User Support Specialists
- Geographic Information Systems Technologists and Technicians
- Customer Service Representatives
- Electrical and Electronics Drafters
- Freight Forwarders
- Insurance Sales Agents
- Loan Interviewers and Clerks
- Loan Officers
- Office Clerks, General
- Public Relations Specialists
- Purchasing Managers
- Robotics Engineers
- Appraisers of Personal and Business Property
- Business Continuity Planners
- Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians
- Hospitalists
- Information Technology Project Managers
- Insurance Underwriters
- New Accounts Clerks
- Remote Sensing Technicians
- Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents
- Tellers
- Aerospace Engineers
- Chief Sustainability Officers
- Fundraising Managers
- Library Technicians
- Logistics Analysts
- Natural Sciences Managers
- Receptionists and Information Clerks
- Regulatory Affairs Managers
- Search Marketing Strategists
- Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers
- Travel Agents
- Accountants and Auditors
- Advertising Sales Agents
- Credit Analysts
- Electrical Engineers
- Electronics Engineers, Except Computer
- Energy Engineers, Except Wind and Solar
- English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
- Environmental Engineers
- Gambling Managers
- Labor Relations Specialists
- Library Assistants, Clerical
- Nuclear Engineers
- Project Management Specialists
- Public Relations Managers
- Speech-Language Pathology Assistants
- Training and Development Specialists
- Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes
- Architectural and Civil Drafters
- Atmospheric and Space Scientists
- Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products
- Cartographers and Photogrammetrists
- Climate Change Policy Analysts
- Dietetic Technicians
- Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
- Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers
- Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
- Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary
- Mechatronics Engineers
- Quality Control Analysts
- Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
- Sociologists
- Special Effects Artists and Animators
- Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
- Clinical Research Coordinators
- Computer and Information Systems Managers
- Counter and Rental Clerks
- Disc Jockeys, Except Radio
- Financial Risk Specialists
- First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers
- Geodetic Surveyors
- Health Education Specialists
- Industrial Ecologists
- Industrial Engineers
- Instructional Coordinators
- Intelligence Analysts
- Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
- Orthoptists
- Regulatory Affairs Specialists
- Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products
- Tutors
- Wind Energy Development Managers
- Compliance Managers
- Dietitians and Nutritionists
- Environmental Restoration Planners
- Geneticists
- Human Factors Engineers and Ergonomists
- Logistics Engineers
- Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary
- Sales Engineers
- Security Management Specialists
- Spa Managers
- Transportation Planners
- Actuaries
- Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers
- Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
- Animal Scientists
- Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary
- Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate
- Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators
- Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
- Archivists
- Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
- Art Directors
- Biologists
- Broadcast Technicians
- Budget Analysts
- Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary
- Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists
- Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary
- Cost Estimators
- Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary
- Curators
- Economists
- Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary
- Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary
- Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health
- Film and Video Editors
- Financial Examiners
- First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers
- First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers
- First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers
- Fundraisers
- Genetic Counselors
- Geographers
- Graphic Designers
- Historians
- Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks
- Hydrologic Technicians
- Hydrologists
- Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage
- Interior Designers
- Investment Fund Managers
- Judicial Law Clerks
- Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary
- Logisticians
- Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists
- Marketing Managers
- Mechanical Drafters
- Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
- Molecular and Cellular Biologists
- Park Naturalists
- Patient Representatives
- Personal Financial Advisors
- Petroleum Engineers
- Photonics Engineers
- Political Scientists
- Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
- Precision Agriculture Technicians
- Producers and Directors
- Quality Control Systems Managers
- Real Estate Brokers
- Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks
- Surveying and Mapping Technicians
- Surveyors
- Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary
- Training and Development Managers
- Transportation Engineers
- Water Resource Specialists
- Water/Wastewater Engineers
- Adapted Physical Education Specialists
- Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary
- Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
- Audio and Video Technicians
- Business Teachers, Postsecondary
- Compensation and Benefits Managers
- Education Teachers, Postsecondary
- Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary
- Fuel Cell Engineers
- Geography Teachers, Postsecondary
- Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary
- History Teachers, Postsecondary
- Human Resources Managers
- Industrial Production Managers
- Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
- Manufacturing Engineers
- Materials Engineers
- Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners
- Microsystems Engineers
- Nurse Practitioners
- Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary
- Radiologists
- Security Managers
- Soil and Plant Scientists
- Supply Chain Managers
- Traffic Technicians
- Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
- Treasurers and Controllers
- Urban and Regional Planners
- Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products
- Advertising and Promotions Managers
- Allergists and Immunologists
- Architectural and Engineering Managers
- Commercial and Industrial Designers
- Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare
- Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers
- Financial Managers
- General and Operations Managers
- Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
- Geothermal Production Managers
- Health Informatics Specialists
- Materials Scientists
- Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians
- Medical Dosimetrists
- Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers
- Pediatricians, General
- Prepress Technicians and Workers
- Preventive Medicine Physicians
- Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary
- Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products
- Talent Directors
- Wind Energy Engineers
- Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses
- Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary
- Brownfield Redevelopment Specialists and Site Managers
- Chemical Engineers
- Education Administrators, Postsecondary
- Environmental Compliance Inspectors
- Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health
- Family Medicine Physicians
- Financial and Investment Analysts
- Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts
- Law Teachers, Postsecondary
- Lodging Managers
- Media Programming Directors
- Neuropsychologists
- Psychiatrists
- Remote Sensing Scientists and Technologists
- Solar Energy Systems Engineers
- Solar Sales Representatives and Assessors
- Speech-Language Pathologists
- Transportation Vehicle, Equipment and Systems Inspectors, Except Aviation
- Anthropologists and Archeologists
- Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary
- Audiologists
- Chief Executives
- Chiropractors
- Clinical Nurse Specialists
- Communications Teachers, Postsecondary
- Customs and Border Protection Officers
- Economics Teachers, Postsecondary
- First-Line Supervisors of Gambling Services Workers
- General Internal Medicine Physicians
- Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians
- Mechanical Engineers
- Naturopathic Physicians
- Paralegals and Legal Assistants
- Pharmacists
- Physicians, Pathologists
- Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks
- Robotics Technicians
- Astronomers
- Biochemists and Biophysicists
- Biofuels/Biodiesel Technology and Product Development Managers
- Civil Engineers
- Clinical Neuropsychologists
- Concierges
- Construction Managers
- Emergency Medicine Physicians
- First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers
- Gambling Cage Workers
- Gambling Surveillance Officers and Gambling Investigators
- Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors
- Loss Prevention Managers
- Neurologists
- Real Estate Sales Agents
- Sales Managers
- Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary
- Wind Energy Operations Managers
- Agricultural Engineers
- Airfield Operations Specialists
- Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Film
- Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary
- Conservation Scientists
- Energy Auditors
- Epidemiologists
- First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers
- First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers
- Food Service Managers
- Funeral Home Managers
- Lawyers
- Media Technical Directors/Managers
- Music Therapists
- Musicians and Singers
- Pharmacy Aides
- Private Detectives and Investigators
- Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers
- Solar Energy Installation Managers
- Sound Engineering Technicians
- Administrative Services Managers
- Cytogenetic Technologists
- Cytotechnologists
- Directors, Religious Activities and Education
- Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians
- Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers
- Landscape Architects
- Marine Engineers and Naval Architects
- Medical and Health Services Managers
- Meter Readers, Utilities
- Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric
- Physics Teachers, Postsecondary
- Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary
- Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
- Biological Technicians
- Emergency Management Directors
- Management Analysts
- Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary
- Social and Community Service Managers
- Transportation Inspectors
- Calibration Technologists and Technicians
- Cargo and Freight Agents
- Environmental Engineering Technologists and Technicians
- Fashion Designers
- First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers
- First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers
- First-Line Supervisors of Security Workers
- Forensic Science Technicians
- Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates
- Legislators
- Nanotechnology Engineering Technologists and Technicians
- Obstetricians and Gynecologists
- Occupational Health and Safety Technicians
- Pharmacy Technicians
- Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists
- Subway and Streetcar Operators
Limited exposure222 occupations
- Dermatologists
- Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators
- Microbiologists
- Midwives
- Office Machine Operators, Except Computer
- Photographers
- Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators
- Recycling Coordinators
- School Psychologists
- Sports Medicine Physicians
- Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors
- Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians
- Chemical Technicians
- Chemists
- Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
- Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers
- Fitness and Wellness Coordinators
- Foresters
- Geological Technicians, Except Hydrologic Technicians
- Government Property Inspectors and Investigators
- Medical Assistants
- Nurse Midwives
- Physician Assistants
- Radiologic Technologists and Technicians
- Range Managers
- Retail Loss Prevention Specialists
- Retail Salespersons
- Farm and Home Management Educators
- First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services
- Ophthalmic Medical Technologists
- Postal Service Clerks
- Self-Enrichment Teachers
- Set and Exhibit Designers
- Social and Human Service Assistants
- Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers
- Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians
- First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers
- First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators
- Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
- Pediatric Surgeons
- Power Distributors and Dispatchers
- Substitute Teachers, Short-Term
- Urologists
- Air Traffic Controllers
- Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers
- Aviation Inspectors
- Coroners
- Entertainment and Recreation Managers, Except Gambling
- Food Scientists and Technologists
- Forest and Conservation Technicians
- Healthcare Social Workers
- Light Truck Drivers
- Rehabilitation Counselors
- Travel Guides
- Animal Control Workers
- Cardiologists
- Critical Care Nurses
- Food Science Technicians
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists
- Neurodiagnostic Technologists
- Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education
- Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials
- Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors
- Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School
- Clergy
- Couriers and Messengers
- Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment
- First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives
- Hydroelectric Production Managers
- Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance
- Occupational Health and Safety Specialists
- Ophthalmic Medical Technicians
- Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric
- Police Identification and Records Officers
- Printing Press Operators
- Registered Nurses
- Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
- Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians
- Biomass Power Plant Managers
- Bus Drivers, School
- Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School
- Community Health Workers
- Detectives and Criminal Investigators
- Driver/Sales Workers
- Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors
- Facilities Managers
- Parking Enforcement Workers
- Parts Salespersons
- Recreational Therapists
- Special Education Teachers, Elementary School
- Acute Care Nurses
- Coaches and Scouts
- Gambling and Sports Book Writers and Runners
- Medical Equipment Repairers
- Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers
- Art Therapists
- Athletic Trainers
- Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
- Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay
- Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education
- Models
- Optometrists
- Orthodontists
- Orthotists and Prosthetists
- Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters
- Special Education Teachers, Middle School
- Special Education Teachers, Secondary School
- Agricultural Technicians
- Biofuels Production Managers
- First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants
- Gem and Diamond Workers
- Locomotive Engineers
- Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists
- Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers
- Nuclear Medicine Technologists
- Nuclear Power Reactor Operators
- Occupational Therapists
- Opticians, Dispensing
- Veterinarians
- Automotive Engineering Technicians
- Bakers
- Choreographers
- Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers
- Fire Inspectors and Investigators
- First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers
- First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers
- Histotechnologists
- Industrial Machinery Mechanics
- Non-Destructive Testing Specialists
- Taxi Drivers
- Avionics Technicians
- Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers
- Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels
- Craft Artists
- Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment
- First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers
- Fish and Game Wardens
- Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers
- Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators
- Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service
- Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians
- Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers
- Museum Technicians and Conservators
- Occupational Therapy Assistants
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians
- Podiatrists
- Radiation Therapists
- Teaching Assistants, Special Education
- Transportation Security Screeners
- Chefs and Head Cooks
- Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators
- Construction and Building Inspectors
- Exercise Physiologists
- Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers
- Mental Health Counselors
- Agricultural Inspectors
- Anesthesiologists
- Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity
- Cashiers
- Commercial Pilots
- Correctional Officers and Jailers
- Dental Assistants
- Dentists, General
- Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers
- First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand
- Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses
- Nuclear Monitoring Technicians
- Passenger Attendants
- Patternmakers, Wood
- Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers
- Recreation Workers
- Semiconductor Processing Technicians
- Shampooers
- Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs
- Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten
- Transit and Railroad Police
- Child, Family, and School Social Workers
- Costume Attendants
- Tour Guides and Escorts
- Animal Caretakers
- Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers
- Cooks, Private Household
- Hearing Aid Specialists
- Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop
- Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education
- Milling and Planing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Occupational Therapy Aides
- Personal Care Aides
- Pest Control Workers
- Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers
- Power Plant Operators
- Residential Advisors
- Team Assemblers
- Upholsterers
- Bridge and Lock Tenders
- Forest Fire Inspectors and Prevention Specialists
- Logging Equipment Operators
- Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education
- Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers
- Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers
- Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping
- Amusement and Recreation Attendants
- Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants
- Baggage Porters and Bellhops
- Emergency Medical Technicians
- Funeral Attendants
- Machinists
- Motion Picture Projectionists
- Photonics Technicians
- Postal Service Mail Carriers
- Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers
- Tool and Die Makers
- Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers
- Bartenders
- Floral Designers
- Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products
- Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists
- Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic
- Respiratory Therapists
- Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors
- Watch and Clock Repairers
- Weatherization Installers and Technicians
Minimal exposure276 occupations
- Actors
- Dental Hygienists
- Physical Therapists
- Skincare Specialists
- Special Education Teachers, Preschool
- Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters
- Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers
- Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria
- Crane and Tower Operators
- Elevator and Escalator Installers and Repairers
- Flight Attendants
- Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics
- Psychiatric Aides
- Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors
- Ship Engineers
- Stockers and Order Fillers
- Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Waiters and Waitresses
- Acupuncturists
- Animal Breeders
- Barbers
- Childcare Workers
- Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles
- Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters
- Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse
- Geothermal Technicians
- Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers
- Log Graders and Scalers
- Nurse Anesthetists
- Phlebotomists
- School Bus Monitors
- Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Anesthesiologist Assistants
- Chemical Plant and System Operators
- Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Lighting Technicians
- Model Makers, Metal and Plastic
- Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Arrangers
- Physical Therapist Aides
- Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders
- Veterinary Technologists and Technicians
- Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders
- Paramedics
- Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators and Locomotive Firers
- Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers
- Aircraft Service Attendants
- Biomass Plant Technicians
- Butchers and Meat Cutters
- Carpenters
- Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas
- Electricians
- Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians
- Farm Labor Contractors
- Food Servers, Nonrestaurant
- Gambling Dealers
- Home Appliance Repairers
- Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic
- Maintenance Workers, Machinery
- Model Makers, Wood
- Nuclear Technicians
- Physical Therapist Assistants
- Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators
- Security Guards
- Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators
- Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians
- Baristas
- Cooks, Restaurant
- Crossing Guards and Flaggers
- Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers
- Endoscopy Technicians
- Etchers and Engravers
- Firefighters
- Histology Technicians
- Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
- Marriage and Family Therapists
- Medical Appliance Technicians
- Nannies
- Psychiatric Technicians
- Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators
- Demonstrators and Product Promoters
- Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders
- Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders
- Helpers--Production Workers
- Mechanical Door Repairers
- Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Solar Photovoltaic Installers
- Bicycle Repairers
- Biofuels Processing Technicians
- Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Nursing Assistants
- Animal Trainers
- Conveyor Operators and Tenders
- Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers
- Food Batchmakers
- Hazardous Materials Removal Workers
- Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers
- Hydroelectric Plant Technicians
- Medical Equipment Preparers
- Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders
- Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines
- Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters
- Tile and Stone Setters
- Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians
- Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders
- Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door
- Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers
- Glaziers
- Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers
- Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Plating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Potters, Manufacturing
- Stone Cutters and Carvers, Manufacturing
- Surgical Technologists
- Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers
- Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters
- Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics
- Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment
- Engine and Other Machine Assemblers
- Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals
- Gas Plant Operators
- Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand
- Machine Feeders and Offbearers
- Manicurists and Pedicurists
- Motorboat Mechanics and Service Technicians
- Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians
- Packers and Packagers, Hand
- Print Binding and Finishing Workers
- Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers
- Rail Car Repairers
- Sewing Machine Operators
- Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers
- Signal and Track Switch Repairers
- Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers
- Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing
- Bailiffs
- Commercial Divers
- Fast Food and Counter Workers
- Floor Sanders and Finishers
- Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists
- Home Health Aides
- Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers
- Locksmiths and Safe Repairers
- Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers
- Massage Therapists
- Parking Attendants
- Plasterers and Stucco Masons
- Recycling and Reclamation Workers
- Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers
- Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood
- Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners
- Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders
- Carpet Installers
- Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders
- Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers
- Forest and Conservation Workers
- Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand
- Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators
- Insulation Workers, Mechanical
- Painters, Construction and Maintenance
- Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians
- Rock Splitters, Quarry
- Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders
- Tree Trimmers and Pruners
- Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Fence Erectors
- Fishing and Hunting Workers
- Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders
- Food Preparation Workers
- Furniture Finishers
- Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall
- Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation
- Prosthodontists
- Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas
- Sailors and Marine Oilers
- Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas
- Sewers, Hand
- Sheet Metal Workers
- Solar Thermal Installers and Technicians
- Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders
- Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers
- Automotive Body and Related Repairers
- Brickmasons and Blockmasons
- Construction Laborers
- Crematory Operators
- Dancers
- Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers
- Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers
- Embalmers
- Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Helpers--Electricians
- Loading and Moving Machine Operators, Underground Mining
- Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants
- Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
- Pipelayers
- Roofers
- Segmental Pavers
- Surgical Assistants
- Wind Turbine Service Technicians
- Boilermakers
- Dental Laboratory Technicians
- Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors
- Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Fallers
- Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators
- Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers
- Highway Maintenance Workers
- Paperhangers
- Structural Iron and Steel Workers
- Tire Builders
- Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners
- Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers
- Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
- Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers
- Millwrights
- Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners
- Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials
- Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters
- Agricultural Equipment Operators
- Athletes and Sports Competitors
- Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers
- Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists
- Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers
- Continuous Mining Machine Operators
- Cooks, Fast Food
- Cooks, Short Order
- Cutters and Trimmers, Hand
- Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas
- Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers
- Dishwashers
- Dredge Operators
- Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers
- Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface Mining
- Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles
- Foundry Mold and Coremakers
- Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble Setters
- Helpers--Carpenters
- Helpers--Extraction Workers
- Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons
- Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters
- Helpers--Roofers
- Hoist and Winch Operators
- Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners
- Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners
- Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers
- Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic
- Motorboat Operators
- Motorcycle Mechanics
- Orderlies
- Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders
- Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers
- Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
- Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators
- Pile Driver Operators
- Pourers and Casters, Metal
- Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators
- Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons
- Riggers
- Roof Bolters, Mining
- Roustabouts, Oil and Gas
- Slaughterers and Meat Packers
- Stonemasons
- Tapers
- Terrazzo Workers and Finishers
- Tire Repairers and Changers
- Wellhead Pumpers
Questions people ask
- Which jobs are most at risk from AI?
- Blockchain engineers, court reporters, mathematicians, and proofreaders score 95, the highest on this index. Exposure is task-level, so the ranking reflects how much of the work AI can already do, not predicted job losses. See the full analysis
- Which jobs are safest from AI?
- Occupations in farming, food preparation, building maintenance, and the skilled trades cluster lowest. These roles depend on physical presence and situational judgment that current models cannot reach.
- How is AI job risk measured?
- Each O*NET task carries an exposure value from Eloundou et al. (2024, Science), weighted by how much of a worker's time it takes. The formula is published